Beyond Role-Play: How Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence Transform Leadership Competency Development in Higher Education

Highlights VR/AI-supported environments significantly outperform traditional role-play in developing leadership competencies among business students. Students reported higher competence gains (very large effect size, d = 1.82), stronger engagement, and deeper practical understanding through VR/AI training. Immersive, interactive technologies bridge the gap between theory and practice, preparing learners more effectively for real-world leadership challenges. Findings provide evidence-based recommendations for integrating VR/AI into higher education curricula while noting ethical and access considerations.