Retrofitting Shipping Containers into Positive Energy Bus Stations with Photovoltaic LVDC Microgrids for Sustainable Transport in Renewable Resource-rich, Harsh Environments

This study evaluates the performance of a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system designed to power a bus stop constructed from recycled shipping containers under Kuwait’s hot and arid climate conditions. The design aims to reduce construction costs and promote environmental sustainability through the implementation of a positive energy building. The system operates independently from the municipal grid, with all generated energy stored in batteries to ensure complete energy autonomy. Energy consumption was simulated using DesignBuilder software, assuming an average occupancy of two people. The station’s annual energy demand was estimated at approximately 3660.1 kWh. The PV system comprises four fixed 670 W panels, installed at a 29° tilt angle and oriented south to optimize solar energy capture. Energy storage is provided by a 36 V lead-acid battery bank with a total capacity of 3671 Ah. PVsyst simulation results indicate that the system can generate approximately 4494.82 kWh annually, with 3385.33 kWh delivered to the useful load—covering about 92.5% of the station’s total energy demand. This demonstrates a high level of energy self-sufficiency and significantly reduces dependence on external power sources. However, around 895.75 kWh per year (19.27% of the generated energy) is lost, primarily due to storage limitations and a temporal mismatch between energy generation and consumption. This excess energy could be utilized for supplementary applications, such as charging electric vehicles. Installing EV charging stations near bus stops offers a practical and sustainable solution to enhance overall system efficiency and environmental benefits.