Optimizing Angular Performance of Curved VIPV Modules

Vehicle-integrated photovoltaics (VIPV) typically operate under non-normal irradiance, making angular performance a critical metric for energy modeling. Because vehicle surfaces often require double curvature for aerodynamic and aesthetic purposes, their angular responses differ from those of flat modules. In addition, not only the curvature but also the electrical configuration influences the angular response. In this work, several electrical configurations of a curved VIPV module have been modeled, their electrical performance simulated, and their angular impact quantified. The curvature and size of a curved module determine the angular variation across the surface. For this reason, the case study will focus on a large VIPV module of more than 2 m2 integrated into a sedan, covering both the roof and rear window. Several electrical configurations were analyzed to assess power output under varying incidence angles, including cell orientation, bypass diode arrangements, and splitting the module into different MPPTs. Results indicate that half-cell orientation and diode parameters have negligible influence. In contrast, dividing the system into MPPT sections enhances overall generation, especially under varying angles of incidence. For study validation, a commercial VIPV module of 0.87 m² was tested both indoors and outdoors with unique measurement capabilities. The experimental and simulated angular responses are compared, validating the developed model.