Comparative Evaluation of Public and Private Water Supply Systems and Institutional Framework in Uyo Capital City, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Comparative evaluation of public and private water supply systems and institutional framework in Uyo Capital City Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria was conducted with a focus on the institutional frameworks that govern their operations. Using primary data from field surveys and ten (10) key informants drawn from relevant water management institutions within Uyo Capital City, alongside secondary data from official reports and policy documents, the research assessed the efficiency, accessibility, regulatory compliance, and sustainability of the public utility of Akwa Ibom Water Company Limited (AKWCL) and various private providers, including borehole operators and sachet water producers. Results gathered indicated that private suppliers often fill critical service gaps left by the underperforming public system but frequently operate outside formal regulatory structures, raising concerns about water quality and equity. The study concludes by recommending integrated institutional reforms and stronger public-private collaboration to improve water governance in the City and ensure equitable access to safe water.