Occupational and environmental iron exposure: a hidden risk factor in breast cancer etiology

Breast cancer remains a major public health challenge globally, with its etiology influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. While traditional risk factors such as age, reproductive history, and family predisposition are well-recognized, emerging evidence points to heavy metal exposure - particularly iron - as a potential contributor to carcinogenesis. Iron is a vital micronutrient required for cellular metabolism; however, excess iron has been shown to catalyze oxidative stress and deoxyribonucleic acid damage, both of which are implicated in tumor initiation and progression. Occupational and environmental iron exposure is increasingly prevalent due to industrial expansion, especially in metal-processing industries such as welding, mining, and steel manufacturing. Workers in these sectors, as well as individuals living near industrial zones, may experience chronic low-level exposure to iron through inhalation, ingestion, or dermal absorption. When iron accumulates beyond the body's regulatory capacity, it may foster a pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory milieu conducive to breast tumorigenesis. Furthermore, iron's interaction with estrogen metabolism may have unique implications for hormonally sensitive tissues like the breast.