Modelling, Implementation and Validation of Solar Tracking Algorithms in Horizontal Single Axis Trackers

The increasing adoption of Horizontal Single-Axis Tracker (HSAT) systems in utility-scale solar farms has driven interest in tracking algorithms that optimize captured solar insolation. HSAT tracking algorithms calculate the optimal tracker angle to maximize incident solar irradiance at any given moment. However, many proposed algorithms lack experimental validation due to practical constraints and the proprietary nature of commercial HSAT controllers, and existing studies often neglect real-system implementation challenges. This work investigates the implementation of widely used tracking algorithms in HSAT systems, analyzing both simulated and measured plane-of-array (POA) irradiance and DC power production. A real-time HSAT model is proposed, incorporating tracker dynamics, including motor response time, rotational speed, and delays, as well as energy consumption. The model enables a realistic evaluation of tracker behavior and energy performance, highlighting discrepancies between idealized simulations and field measurements.