Ranger perceptions of snaring occurrence and spatial patterns in selected protected and conserved areas (PCAs) in Pakistan

Snaring poses a widespread and serious threat to wildlife in Asia; however, knowledge about its prevalence and enforcement responses in Pakistan remains limited. This study assessed snaring patterns, intensity, and law enforcement responses in 12 protected and conserved areas (PCAs), drawing on the perceptions of 131 rangers through structured interviews and focused group discussions. Due to inconsistent snaring records across regions, data collection relied on ranger perceptions who have long-term, field-based experience in wildlife protection. The research focused on three snare types commonly used in wildlife hunting: rope traps, wire snares, and metal traps, which represent the most prevalent methods of snaring. Results indicate that 88 per cent of rangers reported encountering snares during the 12 months preceding the study, with rope traps being the most widespread, followed by wire snares and metal traps. Significant differences in snare type prevalence were observed among PCAs, highlighting localized patterns of use. When compared to firearms, 58.5 per cent of rangers viewed snaring as a lesser threat; however, a majority (62.3 per cent) considered snaring a greater threat than poisoning. Ranger experience influenced threat perceptions, with more experienced rangers more likely to view snaring as a greater threat than firearms. Although frequent patrols were reported, with more than 90 per cent of rangers stating they conducted daily or weekly snare removal activities, most still felt that current laws were insufficient to deter offenders. These findings provide a baseline on snaring prevalence in Pakistan Future studies integrating field-based snare data and target species information could support more targeted conservation and law enforcement responses to address its drivers and impacts.