Advancing inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots: Breakthroughs in green synthesis, stabilization, and sustainability perspectives

Inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots (IHPQDs), such as CsPbX₃ (X = Cl, Br, I), are pivotal for next-generation optoelectronic and photocatalytic technologies due to their tunable optical properties and defect-tolerant structures. This review highlights recent breakthroughs in sustainable synthesis, including ligand-assisted reprecipitation and aqueous methods, reducing environmental impact by up to 50 % in terms of hazardous solvent usage and waste generation, based on life-cycle assessments comparing toxic organic solvents to greener alternatives. Advanced stabilization strategies—compositional engineering, surface passivation, and matrix encapsulation—enhance resilience against moisture, light, and heat, achieving photoluminescence quantum yield retention above 95 % after 30 days under stress conditions of 60 % relative humidity, 100 W cm⁻² UV light, and ambient temperature. Mechanistic insights from advanced characterization (e.g., XRD, XPS) elucidate defect dynamics and lattice stability, guiding further optimization. Future directions focus on green synthesis scalability and novel stabilization, such as self-healing ligands, to meet industrial demands. In addition, this review discusses techno-economic feasibility, regulatory compliance, and life-cycle assessment (LCA) as critical dimensions for sustainable commercialization. By embedding these perspectives alongside synthesis and stabilization strategies, the article provides a holistic roadmap for translating IHPQDs from laboratory breakthroughs into scalable, eco-friendly technologies.