Mindfulness, Prior Experience, and Self-efficacy in Managing Critical Incidents: A Mixed-Method Study Among Italian Air Traffic Controllers

Abstract Objectives This mixed-method study explored the factors shaping Air Traffic Controllers’ (ATCOs) self-efficacy in decision-making during critical incidents (CIs). The quantitative analysis examined whether mindfulness is linked to self-efficacy in CI decision-making through problem-focused coping tendencies, while considering the moderating role of prior CI experience. The qualitative analysis deepened these findings by capturing ATCOs’ subjective experiences of mindfulness at work and its role in effectively managing CIs. Method A total of 165 Italian ATCOs completed an online survey assessing mindfulness, problem-focused coping tendencies, self-efficacy in managing CIs, and previous CI experience. Mediation and moderated mediation analyses were performed. Additionally, 10 semi-structured interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Mindfulness was positively associated with self-efficacy in managing CIs, both directly and indirectly through problem-focused coping strategies. However, this indirect effect was significant only for ATCOs with extensive experience with CIs. In addition to emphasizing the need to focus on the present moment to make sense of CIs, our qualitative findings underscore the importance of CI management training and prior experience in enhancing self-efficacy. Colleagues’ expertise in managing CIs also supported ATCOs’ self-efficacy in managing CIs. Finally, this study shows the enduring impact of CIs on ATCOs’ personal lives. Conclusions This study highlights how mindfulness, problem-focused coping, and past experience shape ATCOs’ CI management, emphasizing the need for mindfulness-based training and support systems to sustain ATCOs’ well-being and CI management. Preregistration This study is not preregistered.