Carbon-based nanomaterials in the remediation of antibiotics from aquatic environments: Advances, mechanisms, and future perspectives

Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have emerged as effective materials for removing antibiotics from aquatic environments. Their high surface area, tunable surface chemistry, and chemical stability make them ideal for adsorption and degradation processes. This review summarizes recent advances in using CNMs—such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxide (GO), carbon dots (CDs), fullerenes, and carbon nanofibers (CNFs)—for antibiotic removal. It discusses the major sources and environmental impacts of antibiotic contamination, emphasizing the need for efficient and sustainable treatment methods. The mechanisms involved, including adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, and membrane-based filtration, are described. Applications of CNMs in different removal systems are reviewed, focusing on performance, operational factors, and advantages. Despite their potential, challenges such as environmental risks, regeneration difficulty, high production costs, and fouling in complex wastewater remain. Future research should explore green synthesis, smart CNMs, integration into wastewater plants, and life cycle assessment to improve sustainability. Overall, CNMs offer a promising approach for combating antibiotic pollution and advancing water purification technologies. • Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) are promising for antibiotic removal from aquatic environments. • CNMs remove antibiotics through adsorption, photocatalysis, and membrane filtration mechanisms. • Graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, and their composites show remarkable antibiotic removal effectiveness. • Challenges include environmental risks, regeneration issues, high costs, and complex wastewater fouling. • Future research should focus on green synthesis, smart CNMs, and real-world applications. • Life cycle assessment and sustainability are crucial for responsible CNM-based water treatment. • Continued innovation can make CNMs a cornerstone of efficient antibiotic pollution management.