An energy justice critique of small modular reactors in emerging nuclear transitions

The rise of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) presents a complex reflection point of technological promise and societal responsibility. There is increasing need to move beyond purely technical assessments of a future expanded deployment of SMRs. By incorporating frameworks of energy justice, we can better recognise that historical injustices and systemic inequalities intensify by inadequately planned nuclear transitions to modularity. Community engagement, transparency, and a commitment to addressing potential negative impacts on vulnerable populations are paramount in this new emerging field. Furthermore, considerations of property rights, resource distribution, and the potential displacement of communities should be addressed to foster acceptance and avoid replicating past failures. A just energy transition to SMRs requires a paradigm shift, moving from a model of top-down implementation to one that empowers local stakeholders and ensures that the benefits of SMR technology are distributed fairly, while mitigating risks and acknowledging the inherent complexities of nuclear energy's social license. Successful SMR implementation hinges on a rounded evaluation of social justice and long-term community well-being, fostering trust and navigating diverging regulatory frameworks.