Dual-modality theranostics probes: sintegrative strategies for precision management of oncologic malignancies

Cancer remains a formidable global public health challenge. Recent advancements in immunotherapy and targeted therapies have revolutionized diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms. Within this context, theranostics-an emerging field integrating molecular imaging with therapeutic interventions-has shown promise in achieving precision oncology. Central to theranostic platforms are dual-modality probes utilizing positron emission tomography, fluorescence, and magnetic resonance imaging technologies, which offer synergistic advantages such as complementary imaging modalities, intraoperative guidance, and real-time drug delivery monitoring. Despite growing research interest and early clinical trials, critical challenges persist in biosafety, metabolic stability, and imaging resolution. Structural optimization of probes and modality-specific selection based on cancer subtypes may address these limitations. This review systematically evaluates the design principles and clinical applications of dual-modality probes and proposes actionable strategies to enhance their translational potential.