Decoding the oral-flavor axis: from fundamental mechanisms to precision modulation for enhancing flavor perception

• Systematically reviewing the pivotal role of OE in shaping flavor perception. • Summarizing recent advances in the regulatory mechanisms of OE and modulation approaches to enhance flavor perception. • Highlighting the potential of bioactives for precision modulation and targeted optimization • Proposing the integration of machine learning and multi-omics approaches for personalized OE modulation. The oral ecosystem (OE) is a critical yet underexplored interface where food components interact with host physiology to shape flavor perception. This comprehensive review summarizes current knowledge on OE-flavor interactions through a hierarchical framework: (1) oral secretion-mediated flavor release and modification; (2) microbiota-driven flavor biotransformation; and (3) dynamic feedback loops between oral secretion and oral microbiota. We further critically evaluate emerging strategies for precision OE modulation, focusing on natural bioactives that target specific microbial guilds. Furthermore, we propose additional efforts in integrating multi-omics profiling with machine learning algorisms for data-driven personalized OE modulation. This work provides actionable insights into OE-tailored strategies in developing future foods with enhanced sensory experiences.