Geo-Atmospheric Determinants of Air Pollution and Winter Smog Distribution in Delhi

India is a country where its capital territory of Delhi has severe air pollution incidents, especially in winter, when smog engulfs the metropolis. The geographical and atmospheric factors affecting the distribution of air pollution and winter smog in Delhi of this research paper are investigated by thoroughly analysing the secondary sources of data. The paper examines the role of topographical attributes, meteorological attributes, climatic attributes, and spatial attributes in terms of their influence on patterns of polluting and dispersing pollutants. Based on the data of Central Pollution Control Board monitoring stations, satellite-based observations, and meteorological data covering 2018-2023, the present research defines such critical factors as temperature inversions, wind patterns, relative humidity, and geographic location that increase the level of pollution. Findings indicate that a centre and northwestern Delhi are the most polluted areas in the winter seasons, with the concentration of particulate matter being 300-400 percent higher than the allowable values. The correlation shows that the wind speed and pollutant concentrations have strong negative relationships, and relative humidity and the level of particulate matter have positive association. The spatial analysis lists industrial areas, traffic lines and high-density zones as areas of hotspots of pollution. Seasonal variations indicate that the height of pollution is in October to January when the meteorological factors are favourable to trapping the pollutants. These observations highlight the need of spatially specific interventions, emission management plans and policy actions to address anthropogenic sources as well as atmospheric conditions that lead to air quality crisis in Delhi.