ADVANCEMENTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS WITH FOCUS ON LIPOSOMES, NANOPARTICLES, VESICULAR CARRIERS AND NOVEL TABLET FORMULATIONS

Pharmaceutical drug delivery has been changing radically and now includes multidisciplinary strategies to improve therapeutic effectiveness, adherence by the patient and local action. This review will cover in detail the current innovations in the different delivery systems available including vesicles and nanoparticle systems and novel oral dosage delivery systems. In the first instance, the concept of modern-day drug delivery was created via the targeting approach that optimizes the therapeutic benefits and limits the toxicity to the system. Liposomes, as well as other vesicular systems have proved to be incredibly versatile in the encapsulation of hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs in order to increase the bioavailability and to release the drugs in a controlled manner. In like manner, another use of the vesicular carrier is the extension of application of proniosomes and other vesicles in delivering drugs to the lungs and nose. With the development of nanoparticles, the pharmaceutical field has also received a boost, as it enables specific regulation of the drug release speed, enhanced stability, and subcellular and submolecular action. Implementing solid lipid systems, such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), have been able to fill the gap between polymeric and lipid-based formulations and guarantee a higher degree of biocompatibility. In the meantime, novel oral forms of delivery including mouth-dissolving tablets, chewable and effervescent formulations and microencapsulated systems meet patient-oriented demands, which guarantee quick absorption and longer-term therapeutic protocols. These developments are still enhanced in a controlled and sustained release technology with an eye on precision of drug disposition and better therapeutic consistency. These inventions, together, mark a novel stage in the history of the pharmaceutical sciences of the 21st century, with nanotechnology in conjunction with materials science and formulation engineering redefining contemporary therapeutics.