Polyphenol-rich black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) and its therapeutic potential in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A comprehensive review

Diabetes mellitus is a global public health crisis, which we see mostly in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) cases. Incidence of T2D is on the rise with the aging population, poor lifestyle choices, and bad diet, which in turn are health and economic issues. Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) has become a focus due to its high level of polyphenols, which include anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, and phenolic acids, known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic actions. As to its flavonoid a-chokeberry, has been reported to do well in terms of digestive enzyme inhibition and also in improving insulin sensitivity. Anthocyanins have positively influenced glucose uptake, antioxidant properties, reduced inflammatory response, and improved lipid metabolism. Hydroxycinnamic acids, particularly chlorogenic acid, have also shown some evidence of supporting altered glucose homeostasis regulation, α-glucosidase inhibition, and gut microbiota. Additionally, experimental and clinical studies have shown combined hyperglycaemic effects with improved pancreatic β-cell function and improved lipid parameters as a result of supplemented chokeberry extract. Overall, the Black chokeberry presents favourable qualities regarding functional foods and adjunctive treatment in T2D; however, further clinical study is needed.