Evolution of surgical training from ancient times to the present day

Surgical training has evolved significantly from the first operations in antiquity to modern training methods. Historically, the practice was based on observation andempirical practice, with limitations due to a lack of knowledge about hygiene, pain and infection. Today, training combines theory, practical training and technology, such as simulators and minimally invasive techniques (e.g. laparoscopic surgery), with the aim of ensuring patient safety and developing the skills of trainees. Recognising different learning styles, using learning curves and providing personalised guidance contribute to the effective and targeted training of surgeons. This approach shows that modern surgical training combines historical experience with technological innovation to develop competent and safe professionals.