Security Challenges and Solutions in Internet of Things (IoT)

This research paper presents a comprehensive study on the security challenges and possible solutions in the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT connects billions of smart devices across multiple domains such as healthcare, transportation, smart homes, industries, and smart cities, but its rapid expansion also exposes critical vulnerabilities including weak authentication, data breaches, botnet attacks, DDoS, lack of encryption, and insecure device firmware. The paper highlights real-world IoT threats and analyzes modern security solutions such as AI-based anomaly detection, blockchain-based device authentication, end-to-end encryption (AES, TLS, DTLS), IDS/IPS intrusion monitoring, and zero-trust access control models. It also discusses challenges like scalability, patch management, low-power device security, and privacy concerns. The aim of this study is to provide researchers, developers, and organizations with a structured overview of IoT security risks and practical defense mechanisms to build a secure, scalable, and trust-based IoT ecosystem.