Accounting 4.0: a mediating–moderating model of tech, workforce, and performance

Purpose This study aims to assess the relationship between technology-driven accounting systems (TDAS), workforce performance efficiency (WPE) and operational efficiency (OEP) in the context of Bangladesh, which is an emerging country. WPE is studied and examined as a mediating variable, whereas workforce digital competency (WDC) is highlighted and examined as a moderating factor influencing the TDAS–WPE and TDAS–OEP relationships. Design/methodology/approach This study opts for data collection using a strict recruitment strategy for a population-representative sample. Data was collected using an email-based survey distributed among 800 chief financial officers (CFOs) of Bangladeshi firms. Out of the 421 responses, 401 were valid for analysis after filtering. Findings The results demonstrate that TDAS positively impacts both WPE and OEP based on PLS-SEM. In addition, WPE fully mediates the relationship between TDAS and OEP, and WDC significantly moderates both the TDAS–WPE and TDAS–OEP relationships. Practical implications This study highlights the role of WPE and WDC (human factors) in the effectiveness of TDAS in enhancing firm value and operational efficiency in an emerging economy. Managers need to regularly monitor and improve upon the competencies of their staff to maximize the contribution of TDAS to performance outcomes. It is also important for organizations to highlight the strategic uptake of TDAS and how technology advancements can be mapped against enhancements in workforce efficiency and digital capability to drive optimal operational outcomes. Originality/value This study extends the international accounting discourse by offering empirical insights into the interplay of TDAS, WPE, WDC and OEP in an emerging economy. Unlike prior research, which largely focuses on developed markets, this study provides a scalable model applicable to firms in both developed and emerging economies, offering global relevance in the digital transformation era. It also suggests the unique moderation effect of WDC, particularly in developing economies. Moreover, this research is one of the initial empirical attempts to encompass the TDAS, WPE, WDC and OEP under a single analytical mold, especially in Bangladesh’s emerging market context.