Advances in Blast-Resistant Structural Design: A Comprehensive Review of Material and Experimental Innovations

As per the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report, fire-related accidents have risen to the fifth rank, climbing three positions compared to the previous year. These incidents have led to significant loss of life and property. Explosive accidents generate effects such as impacts on primary and secondary structural components and pressures from reflective and blast waves, often resulting in the collapse of entire structures. To mitigate the damage caused by fire accidents, it is essential to strengthen structural members, protect structures, design components to resist blast loads, and develop blast-resistant buildings. This paper reviews the impact of blast loads on various structural elements and examines numerical methods to analyze blast load behaviour. It also explores the behaviour of different types of concrete under blast conditions. Based on the findings, it is concluded that to prevent structural collapse from explosions, members must be designed to withstand blast waves. Additionally, utilizing lightweight, adaptive materials and incorporating less rigid fibres into concrete can enhance its blast performance by reducing energy transfer.