3D printing of improved piezoelectric oxygen-releasing bone scaffolds

This preliminary study explores the development of a 3D printed PVDF-PLA 70:30 piezoelectric scaffold to support bone tissue regeneration. By utilizing the piezoelectric properties of PVDF, the scaffold creates an electrical microenvironment conducive to bone repair. The incorporation of BaTiO 3 nanoparticles enhanced the nucleation of the ß-phase in PVDF, a critical factor in improving its piezoelectric performance. To ensure better dispersion of these nanoparticles, a polydopamine coating was applied. In addition, PEG-coated magnesium peroxide (PEG-MPO) was incorporated into the scaffold to provide sustained release of oxygen, addressing the challenge of cell survival under low-oxygen conditions. Key analytical techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirmed an increase in ß-phase with nanoparticle incorporation up to 0.5% w/w. Furthermore, oxygen release from the scaffold followed a continuous profile over 14 days, with 1% w/w PEG-MPO contributing to this effect. Cell assays demonstrated improved cell adhesion and growth due to the enhanced electrical cues provided by ultrasound stimulation and confirmed cell survival even in hypoxic environments. In conclusion, this innovative oxygen-releasing piezoelectric scaffold has significant potential to advance bone repair using 3D printing technology.