Households' Vulnerability and Adaptation to Water Scarcity in Rural Areas of Nyak, Shendam, Plateau State, Nigeria

Water scarcity poses a significant threat to the livelihoods and well-being of rural communities in Nigeria. This study examined the vulnerability and adaptation strategies of households to water scarcity in the rural areas of Nyak, Shendam, Plateau State. The study employed a descriptive survey research design. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from a sample of 400 households selected through a multi-stage sampling technique (purposive and systematic random sampling). The instrument was validated by experts and demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.82). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means). The results revealed that households face significant water scarcity, particularly in the dry season, leading to high sensitivity evidenced by waterborne diseases and substantial income spent on water. Households adapted primarily through water storage, source diversification, and consumption rationing. The study concludes that effective adaptation is socio-economically determined and recommends targeted interventions to build resilience through improved infrastructure and enhanced adaptive capacity.