Optimising emergence of quinoa genotypes through soil moisture and NaCl management in sandy soil

Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa ) demonstrates tolerance to NaCl and soil moisture stress, yet the combined influence of these two factors on seedling emergence in sandy soils remains poorly understood. This study investigated the optimal soil moisture and NaCl levels, along with their combined effects, to improve quinoa emergence in sandy soils. Experiments were conducted with NaCl concentrations ranging from 0 to 500 mM and soil moisture levels from 30‐40% to 70‐80% of field capacity (FC). Quinoa seeds were assessed for emergence percentage, energy and index, and shoot length and dry weight. Both NaCl concentration and soil moisture significantly impacted quinoa emergence, with the highest emergence observed at 0‐100 mM NaCl and 40‐50% FC. At NaCl levels above 100 mM, the emergence percentage declined, with complete loss of emergence at 300 mM. Higher soil moisture (70‐80%) mitigated salinity stress, supporting better emergence even under elevated NaCl levels. This research provides valuable insights into managing soil moisture and salt to enhance quinoa establishment in saline and sandy soils, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices.