Biomarkers of Neural Stem Cells: Roles in Self-Renewal, Differentiation, and Neurogenesis

Background: Neural stem cells (NSCs) have a unique ability to self-renew and differentiate into various neural lineages, including neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. This self-renewal process is governed by a complex interaction of intrinsic factors and external signaling pathways, which are essential for maintaining neural populations during development and supporting regenerative processes in the adult brain. Over the years, numerous markers have been identified to characterize NSCs and help elucidate the mechanisms behind their self-renewal. Methods: This review summarizes key findings from the literature, focusing on these markers and their roles. Given the potential of NSCs in treating neurological disorders, understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate their fate is critical. This review incorporates research published between 1998 and 2024, sourced from databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. It highlights various markers, including Bcl11b, Musashi-1 (Msi1), Oct-4, Emx2, Nanog, Cux1, Cux2, Sox2, Prx1, Nr2f1, Prion protein (PrPC), PH3, PSA-NCAM, bHLH, Nestin, Vimentin, NeuroD, EGFR, BMI1, and CD133, all of which are crucial for identifying NSCs. Results: Given their significant potential in addressing debilitating nervous system diseases and advancing genetic research, understanding the defining markers of NSCs at different stages of differentiation is of utmost importance. Conclusion: This knowledge is essential for developing stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases and injuries. Future research may uncover additional markers and pathways, further enhancing our understanding of NSC biology.