Smart Agriculture System with Soil Moisture Alerts: Review Paper

Agriculture is crucial for sustaining human life, but it faces challenges like unpredictable climate conditions, limited water availability, and pest infestations that lower productivity. To tackle these problems, using smart technologies, especially Internet of Things (IoT)-based soil moisture alert systems, has become essential in modern precision agriculture. These technologies use sensors and wireless networks to monitor important environmental factors such as soil moisture, humidity, temperature, and nutrient composition in real time. Moving from traditional manual monitoring to smart, automated systems has greatly improved irrigation efficiency. This change allows for better water management and reduces waste. New innovations, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), satellite-based remote sensing (RS), and optical or electrical soil sensors, have further improved the accuracy and reach of data. However, the widespread use of IoT-enabled smart farming is still limited due to high installation costs, low digital literacy, and concerns about data security. This paper looks at developments in soil moisture monitoring and alert technologies from 2013 to 2024, emphasizing their potential to improve crop yield, optimize water use, and support sustainable farming practices, especially in water-scarce regions of developing countries.