OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS AS INDICATORS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES: PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS FROM A SAUDI ARABIAN RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Background: Ocular manifestations are often early indicators of systemic diseases, including autoimmune, infectious, metabolic, and malignant conditions. The eye serves as a crucial diagnostic and prognostic tool in systemic disease management. Given the increasing prevalence of diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and other chronic conditions in Saudi Arabia, understanding the patterns of ocular involvement is essential for improving patient outcomes. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and types of ocular manifestations in patients with systemic diseases in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This retrospective observational study reviewed medical records from major ophthalmology and multispecialty hospitals across Saudi Arabia from January 2020 to December 2024. The study included adult patients (≥18 years) diagnosed with systemic diseases and documented ocular manifestations. Data were extracted on demographics, systemic disease type, ocular findings, and management approaches. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed to identify associations and risk factors. Results: A total of 500 patient records were analyzed. The most common systemic disease was diabetes mellitus (52.0%), followed by autoimmune disorders (20.7%), infectious diseases (12.7%), and malignancies (9.3%). The most prevalent ocular manifestation was diabetic retinopathy (36.7%), followed by uveitis (16.0%), scleritis (12.0%), and keratitis (8.0%). Medical treatment was the most common management approach (63.3%), while 16.7% of cases required surgical intervention. A significant association was observed between disease severity and ocular involvement, emphasizing the importance of early screening. Conclusion: This study highlights the significant burden of ocular complications among patients with systemic diseases in Saudi Arabia, with diabetic retinopathy being the most prevalent manifestation. The findings emphasize the need for early screening, interdisciplinary collaboration, and improved management strategies to prevent vision loss. Future research should focus on refining screening protocols and enhancing interdisciplinary care to improve patient outcomes.