Infectious role of periapical abscesses and its influence on healing outcomes

This review confirms the efficacy of traditional calcium hydroxide and highlights the advantages of innovative formulations such as TAPC, nanoparticles, and Ledermix paste in improving treatment outcomes. Rapid pain relief, effective microbial control, and enhanced healing underscore their potential for routine clinical use. The findings also emphasize the importance of advanced imaging and individualized treatment planning. Further research is warranted to optimize medication protocols and explore the long-term implications of emerging formulations.