GR–CS and the Dark Energy Problem

This concept paper extends the General Relativity – Clock Shift (GR-CS) framework to the cosmological scale, proposing that the phenomenon interpreted as “dark energy” arises from a temporal-gradient field rather than from vacuum energy or metric expansion. In this view, the observed cosmic acceleration reflects differential clock rates across energy densities, not a dynamical Λ term. The work preserves all classical GR predictions while providing a time-first explanation of luminosity-distance data consistent with supernova, BAO, and CMB observations. No proprietary equations or numerical fits are included.