Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Major Ectoparasites in Domestic Dogs in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia

Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are the most widespread pets globally, playing essential roles in human well-being. However, they also pose significant public health risks due to their role as hosts for ectoparasites, which can transmit zoonotic pathogens. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of ectoparasite infestations in domestic dogs in Mekelle, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2019 to April 2020, involving 384 randomly selected dogs. Ectoparasites were collected through a thorough examination of the dogs’ body surfaces and identified in the laboratory. Additionally, a questionnaire was administered to 60 dog owners and 10 professionals to assess awareness and management practices. The overall prevalence of ectoparasite infestation was 56.51%. Fleas were the most common, with Ctenocephalides canis (50.69%) and Ctenocephalides felis (18.43%) being the dominant species. Ticks, particularly Rhipicephalus sanguineus (13.82%), and lice, including Linognathus setosus (7.83%), were also identified. Statistical analysis revealed significant associations (p<0.05) between infestation rates and variables such as sex, age, and breed. Male dogs (57.72%) had a higher infestation rate than females (52.33%). exotic breeds (57.54%) were more affected than crossbreeds (55.71%) and local breeds (48.28%). Dogs aged ≤1 year had the highest prevalence (58.68%). Questionnaire results showed that 66.67% of respondents observed ectoparasites on their dogs, with 80% reporting regular dog house cleaning. However, knowledge regarding ectoparasite control and zoonotic risks remained limited. This study highlights the significant burden of ectoparasites in domestic dogs in Mekelle. The findings emphasize the need for improved awareness, routine deworming, and effective ectoparasite control strategies to mitigate health risks to both dogs and humans.