Description of Scatter Radiation Exposure to the Eye Lenses and Direct Exposure to the Hands in Orthopedic and Spinal Procedures

Introduction: The increasing adoption of minimally-invasive spinal surgery has resulted in more frequent use of fluoroscopy, heightening concerns regarding radiation-induced cataracts and hand skin cancer in spinal surgeons. We investigated indirect and direct radiation exposure during spinal and orthopedic procedures to enhance radiation protection and explored the factors associated with high dose.