The Form of Goddess Sarasvatī in the Vedic Saṁhitās and Her Later Reimagining

The article examines the transformation of Goddess Sarasvatī from her Vedic origins to her later depiction in Hindu tradition. In the Ṛgveda, Sarasvatī is primarily revered as a river-goddess, symbolizing purification, sustenance, and wisdom. Vedic hymns celebrate her as a sacred river, the divine power of speech (Vāk), and the source of knowledge and inspiration. Yāska’s Nirukta highlights her dual identity as both a natural river and a transcendent deity, emphasizing her purificatory and intellectual roles. Over time, Sarasvatī evolved into the goddess of learning, arts, and culture, merging with Vāk and transitioning from a riverine deity to Vāk-devī and Vidyādāyinī, the consort of Brahmā, as depicted in the Upaniṣads, Purāṇas, and Smṛti literature. The article also explores her role in healing practices in the Atharvaveda and her portrayal as Medhādevī in the Yajurveda, symbolizing wisdom and intellect. Today, Sarasvatī is a universal symbol of education, creativity, and enlightenment, celebrated widely during Vasantapañcamī.