Current Endoscopic Management of Achalasia Cardia: Review Article

ABSTRACT: The management of achalasia cardia can be categorized into endoscopic and surgical approaches. Endoscopic management encompasses pneumatic dilatation and botulinum toxin injection. Additionally, peroral endoscopic myotomy is included within endoscopic therapy, although some scholars have classified it under surgical therapy for achalasia. Surgical management involves the implementation of Heller myotomy and esophagectomy. In this review, we will examine the role of botulinum toxin, pneumatic dilatation, and peroral endoscopic myotomy in the management of achalasia cardia, focusing on their indications and associated complications.