ASSOCIATION OF ANEMIA AMONG CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDHOOD COMPLICATIONS IN SAUDIA ARABIA: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

Background: Anemia is a prevalent public health issue among children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia, with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and sickle cell anemia (SCA) being the most common types. Both conditions are associated with significant health complications, including cognitive impairments, growth issues, and chronic disease risks. This research aims to investigate the prevalence, complications, and management of anemia within this demographic. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, adhering to the PRISMA guidelines. Relevant studies published between 2020 and 2024 were identified through comprehensive searches of Google Scholar and PubMed using keywords such as "anemia," "iron deficiency anemia," and "sickle cell anemia." Four studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing a total sample size of 9,644 participants. Data were extracted and synthesized using narrative summaries and meta-analytical techniques. Subgroup analyses were performed for IDA and SCA to examine differences in complication rates. Results: The prevalence of IDA among school-aged children was 26.8%, with fatigue, drowsiness, and concentration loss being the most common symptoms. SCA patients exhibited complications such as vaso-occlusive crises and urinary tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency coexisted with iron deficiency in 20% of cases, exacerbating cognitive and growth impairments. Hydroxyurea treatment showed promise in reducing disease severity in SCA patients. Despite these findings, treatment success for IDA was limited, with only 53.5% of patients improving. Significant heterogeneity in complication rates across studies (I² = 98.5%) highlights variability in methodologies and healthcare settings. Conclusion: Anemia remains a significant health burden among Saudi children and adolescents, with IDA and SCA presenting unique challenges. Effective interventions should include improved nutritional programs, localized healthcare solutions, and addressing socioeconomic determinants. A multifaceted approach is essential to reduce the prevalence and impact of anemia and improve the health and development of this vulnerable population.