Three-Dimensional Slip Flow and Heat Transfer in Kerosene-Based Fe ₃ O ₄ Ferrofluid Over a Nonlinear Stretching Sheet with Thermal Jump and Heat Generation Effects

This work quantitatively studies a ferrofluid containing dissolved iron oxide (magnetite), solid nanoparticles, and kerosene utilizing a nonlinear stretching surface with a temperature jump boundary condition. Joule heating, thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, and exponential heat source are energy components. PDEs governing momentum and energy transfer may be converted to ODEs via similarity transformations. The firing approach yields numerical responses. We analyze the temperature and velocity profiles and how significant physical factors impact them. A table shows the Nusselt number and skin friction coefficients for various flow parameters and nanoparticle volume percentages. The inclusion of exponential heat sources and thermal radiation significantly enhanced the thermal performance of the ferrofluid system. A key component in achieving this equilibrium between buoyancy and inertial forces was the mixed convection parameter. The results provide insights into the thermohydraulic behavior of kerosene-based ferrofluids containing Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles, offering potential for enhanced thermal management in engineering applications.