EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION, HYGIENE PRACTICES, AND WATERBORNE DISEASE PREVENTION ON THE HEALTH OF CHILDREN IN MAIHA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ADAMAWA STATE

Research problem: Poor sanitation, unsafe water, and inadequate hygiene practices remain leading causes of waterborne diseases that affect children’s health in rural communities. In Maiha Local Government Area of Adamawa State, these challenges persist despite the introduction of the Sanitation, Hygiene and Water (SHAWN) Programme, which aims to curb open defecation, promote handwashing, improve hygiene knowledge, and safeguard child health. Concerns, however, remain regarding the programme’s effectiveness in reducing sanitation and hygiene-related health risks among children. Methods/theory: The study was guided by Neo-functionalism Theory, emphasizing the interdependence of institutions in tackling developmental issues. A mixed research approach was employed, combining quantitative and descriptive methods. Data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to households on sanitation and hygiene practices. Results: Findings indicated that access to improved sanitation, hygiene awareness, and clean water significantly reduced the incidence of waterborne diseases among children in Maiha LGA. The SHAWN Programme was effective in eliminating open defecation and promoting behavioural change toward proper hygiene practices, contributing to better child health outcomes. Conclusion: Sanitation and hygiene interventions are essential for reducing child morbidity caused by waterborne diseases. Strengthening and sustaining such interventions remain critical for long-term health improvements. Key Contribution to Knowledge: The study provides empirical evidence on the impact of community-based sanitation and hygiene programmes in improving child health outcomes in rural contexts. Recommendation: Government should expand access to improved toilet facilities and safe water sources across households and public areas in Maiha LGA.