Impact of Indoor Fungal Growth on Building Materials in Coastal Karnataka: A Comparative Study of Traditional and Modern Construction

Abstract Fungal growth, commonly known as mould, poses a significant challenge in humid tropical climates, especially in coastal regions where moisture retention is high. This study evaluated the extent of fungal colonisation of various building materials used in traditional and modern residential structures across coastal Karnataka. Field investigations were conducted through surveys, visual inspections, and microscopic analyses in locations such as Udupi, Manipal, Kaup and Barkur. This research aimed to identify susceptible materials, characterise dominant fungal species, and assess the health impacts on occupants. In this study, a contrast was observed between modern and traditional constructions: certain materials and architectural features appeared more resistant to moisture-related deterioration. In our sample, occupant-reported symptoms (sneezing, coughing and musty odours) were more frequently reported in buildings finished with cement-based materials. This study underscores the importance of material selection and passive design strategies in mitigating fungal proliferation and promoting healthier indoor environments, while enhancing the durability of buildings in monsoon-affected coastal regions.