THE ROLE OF IMMUNOLOGICAL FACTORS IN CHRONIC STOMATITIS AND MODERN TREATMENT APPROACHES

Chronic stomatitis remains one of the most significant inflammatory disorders of the oral mucosa, characterized by recurrent lesions, pain, and impaired quality of life. Despite extensive clinical observations, the etiology of chronic stomatitis is not fully elucidated, with increasing evidence suggesting that immunological factors play a central role in its onset and progression. The chronic form is associated with dysregulation of both innate and adaptive immunity, imbalance of cytokine networks, and impaired tolerance to oral microbiota. Modern therapeutic approaches have therefore shifted towards immunomodulatory strategies, in addition to conventional antimicrobial and symptomatic treatments. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the immunological mechanisms involved in chronic stomatitis and evaluates the efficacy of contemporary treatment modalities, including systemic and topical immunomodulators, biologic agents, and adjunctive physiotherapeutic interventions. Clinical and laboratory findings highlight the relevance of individualized treatment protocols based on immune status assessment.