Amphibian Diversity Monitoring during the Monsoon Season in the Western Ghats, with Special Reference to Wayanad

Abstract— The Western Ghats of India, recognized as one of the eight “hottest biodiversity hotspots” in the world, harbor an extraordinary diversity of amphibians, many of which are endemic and under varying degrees of threat. This three-year longitudinal study (2022–2025) was conducted to document, monitor, and analyze the amphibian diversity during the monsoon season across the forested landscapes of Wayanad District, Kerala. Field surveys were systematically carried out using Visual Encounter Surveys (VES) and Acoustic Monitoring Techniques across multiple habitat types, including evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, riparian zones, agricultural lands, plantations, and peri-urban ecosystems. A total of 47 amphibian species representing 15 genera and 8 families were recorded, of which 12 species were endemic to the Western Ghats and 9 species were classified under various IUCN Red List threat categories. The monsoon season exhibited distinct patterns of species richness and abundance, peaking between June and September, corresponding to optimal breeding conditions and high humidity levels. Species composition and activity were strongly influenced by habitat heterogeneity, elevation gradients, and microclimatic factors. Notably, the study identified microhabitats such as leaf litter zones, temporary pools, tree holes, and riparian banks as critical breeding and sheltering sites for many species. The findings emphasize the ecological significance of Wayanad’s mosaic landscapes, which serve as vital refugia for amphibian populations amidst increasing anthropogenic disturbances, deforestation, and climate-induced changes in rainfall patterns. This long-term monitoring effort provides valuable baseline data essential for formulating conservation action plans, habitat restoration strategies, and climate adaptation policies. Continued research and community-based conservation programs are imperative to safeguard the rich amphibian diversity of Wayanad, ensuring the resilience of this fragile ecosystem in the face of global environmental challenges.