Toward High‐Efficiency Fully Printed Organic Photovoltaic Modules via Systematic Interface Engineering

The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) has significantly improved in recent years owing to advances in material design, highlighting the great potential of this technology. However, for industrialization, the realization of low‐cost, large‐area OPV modules remains a major challenge, as effective strategies to translate high‐efficiency laboratory cells into scalable production are still lacking. To address this gap and emphasize the importance of module‐level development, we employed a systematic interface engineering approach to optimize OPV from lab‐scale cells to industrial‐scale modules. Through careful selection of interlayers, along with optimized thin film thicknesses compatible with printed electrodes, we successfully demonstrated fully printed OPV modules with a PCE of 9.07% and a cell‐to‐module PCE loss controlled within 15%. To the best of our knowledge, this represents one of the highest efficiencies reported for large‐area, fully printed OPV modules to date.