Total Cost of Ownership and Sustainable Impact of Clean Vehicles in Rural India

In the last half-decade, three-wheeled battery-operated vehicles (TWBoVs) have emerged as a key mode of sustainable private transport in Asia. The Indian government’s Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (EVs) initiative has significantly promoted electric vehicle adoption, with sales reaching 0.34 million in 2021, primarily driven by two-wheelers and three-wheelers. This transition is vital for reducing fossil fuel dependence and environmental degradation. This study examines the total ownership costs of electric three-wheelers and diesel-powered autos in rural West Bengal, evaluating economic feasibility and environmental impact. A survey of 1,000 drivers yielded 640 valid responses. The study employs a multiple attribute decision-making approach with grey relational analysis (GRA) to prioritize three key performance indicators and develop an ownership model assessing cost efficiency, profitability, and the impact of emissions on income. The findings indicate that electric three-wheelers enhance stakeholder income by 20% while reducing CO 2 emissions by 60%. The performance index reveals a strong user preference for electric three-wheelers due to lower operating costs and better profitability. Sensitivity analysis further supports these benefits. Overall, the study highlights the direct impact of ownership cost modelling in promoting clean transport in rural India by lowering emissions, boosting incomes and supporting sustainable growth.