Precision timing detectors

Precision timing has played a critical role in high-energy physics experiments, particularly for particle identification and the suppression of pileup under the challenging conditions expected at future colliders like the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). Over the past decades, significant advancements in timing measurement technologies have been made to meet the demands of increasingly complex collider environments. After introducing the motivation for precision timing in collider experiments, the underlying physical principles of timing measurements and the most important factors influencing the time resolution of a detector, this review presents a survey of key detector technologies developed in recent years, including scintillators read out by silicon photo-multipliers (SiPMs), low-gain avalanche diodes (LGADs), multi-gap resistive plate chambers (MRPCs). The integration of precision timing into large-scale systems and their calibration are discussed with examples from detectors at current collider experiments. Finally, we explore emerging technologies and future directions in the field, highlighting their potential impact on the next generation of high-energy physics experiments. • Timing challenges in high energy collider experiments: TOF, pileup and BSM searches. • The frontier of timing at 20–30 ps: scintillation, gaseous and silicon detectors. • Applications in large-scale experiments: CMS MTD BTL&ETL, ATLAS HGTD, ALICE TOF etc. • To sub-20 ps: scint., Cherenkov, quantum, hybrid gaseous, advanced silicon techs etc.