Traditional Medicine Practices in Tribal Communities of Wayanad, Kerala: Ethnobotanical Insights and Conservation Challenges for Endangered Species

Abstract— Traditional medicine remains a cornerstone of primary healthcare among tribal communities in India, particularly within ecologically sensitive regions such as the Wayanad district of Kerala. The present study documents and analyzes the use of endangered plant species and mud-based remedies in the traditional healthcare practices of Wayanad’s indigenous populations. Ethnobotanical surveys, conducted through structured interviews with tribal healers, revealed that multiple threatened species—including medicinal orchids, tree barks, and forest herbs—are integral to treatments for ailments such as respiratory disorders, digestive problems, wounds, and skin infections. Additionally, unique mud-based therapeutic applications were recorded, reflecting deep ecological knowledge and cultural adaptation to the local environment. Findings indicate that over 35% of the documented plant species are currently categorized as vulnerable or endangered under the IUCN Red List, raising concerns over both biodiversity conservation and the continuity of indigenous medical systems. The study highlights that unsustainable harvesting, habitat loss, and limited transmission of traditional knowledge across generations threaten this intricate healthcare tradition. Integrating community-led conservation, sustainable resource management, and policy support is vital to safeguard both the ecological resources and the cultural heritage of these communities. This research underscores the dual urgency of conserving endangered medicinal plants and recognizing traditional healing systems as invaluable reservoirs of knowledge. Protecting these practices not only preserves biodiversity but also contributes to sustainable healthcare solutions in the face of global health and environmental challenges.