Thrombosis and Embolism of Vessels: Clinical and Surgical Perspectives on Pulmonary Embolism

Thrombosis and embolism are major vascular events frequently encountered in surgical practice and are leading causes of preventable postoperative mortality. Thrombosis refers to the formation of a blood clot within a vessel, whereas embolism is the migration of the clot or other material to a distant site, causing obstruction. Among these, pulmonary embolism (PE) is one of the most serious complications, often developing secondary to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower limbs. This article discusses the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, management, and preventive strategies for pulmonary embolism from a surgical standpoint. Emphasis is placed on the role of early recognition, anticoagulation, surgical embolectomy, and prophylactic measures to reduce morbidity and mortality.