Soil-Plant Nutrient Dynamics and Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Maize & Desmodium Cropping System

Abstract— Soil fertility decline and inefficient nutrient use remain major challenges limiting maize productivity in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) of Kenya. This study evaluated the effects of integrating farmyard manure (FYM) with inorganic fertilizers on soil properties, nutrient uptake, yield performance, and efficiency indices in sole maize sole desmodium and maize-desmodium intercrop systems under field conditions in Keiyo North. The experiment consisted of six fertilizer substitution ratios (0-0, 25-75, 50-50, 75-25, 100-0, and 0-100% farmyard manure-inorganic N equivalence) arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Soil chemical parameters (NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, pH, N, P, and C), plant nutrient uptake, and agronomic and recovery efficiencies were assessed. Results showed that combined farmyard manure –inorganic treatments, particularly 25-75 and 75-25, significantly improved soil nutrient status, enhanced N and P uptake, and increased maize and desmodium yields compared to sole applications. Farmyard manure -rich combinations improved moisture retention and microbial activity, sustaining nutrient release, while inorganic fertilizers ensured rapid early growth. Intercropping enhanced biological nitrogen fixation and nutrient recovery, leading to higher agronomic efficiency and resilience under moisture-limited conditions. The findings underscore that partial substitution of inorganic fertilizers with farmyard manure, coupled with maize-desmodium intercropping, offers a sustainable pathway to enhance soil fertility, nutrient use efficiency, and productivity in arid and semi-arid lands farming systems.