Microbiological and Biotechnological Studies Applied to Bioremediation of Volatile Organic Compounds and Air Pollutants: Biochemical Mechanisms and Novel Environmental Solutions

Air pollution, especially volatile organic compound (VOC) pollutants from industrial activities, transportation, and fossil fuel combustion, is recognized as one of the major threats to human health and the environment. Bioremediation, as an environmentally friendly approach, has been increasingly considered in reducing the air pollution burden through the use of specialized microorganisms capable of biodegrading these pollutants. This review article, focusing on microbiological studies, analyzes the biochemical mechanisms and metabolic pathways of bacterial, fungal, and yeast microbes with potential in the degradation of VOCs and other complex air pollutants. The complex mechanisms of electron transfer, genetic regulation related to the expression of key enzymes such as oxygenases and deoxygenases, and the role of quorum-sensing systems in regulating the biological activities of microorganisms are reviewed. In addition, novel biotechnologies, including the design and development of airborne bioreactors, optimization of the use of bioactive nanoparticles with catalytic properties, and innovative quorum-sensing sensors in monitoring and upgrading bioremediation processes, are introduced. In another section of this review, combinatorial trends and molecular strategies for enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of bioremediation processes under variable environmental conditions are explored. Also, the existing problems in the field of scalability of biotechnologies and environmental challenges caused by the emission of pollutants are discussed, and proposed solutions for sustainable development are presented. Ultimately, this review highlights the importance of integrating microbiological approaches and modern biotechnologies, opening new horizons in air pollution management and environmental health protection. As a scientific reference, it provides significant assistance to researchers and environmental biotechnology specialists.