Regional Energy Politics: The role of natural gas in Iran’s foreign policy within the Persian Gulf

This research examines Iran’s natural gas policies and their intersection with its foreign strategies toward the Gulf Arab states over the past two decades. Amidst political uncertainties, financial sanctions, and subsidy reforms, Iran’s energy sector has undergone significant transformations, impacting its foreign relations. The study aims to uncover the geopolitical dynamics guiding Iran’s international collaborations within its regional energy landscape, particularly focusing on the role of natural gas in shaping its foreign policies. By employing international relations theories, particularly Neoclassical Realism, the research analyses adjustments in energy relations and their implications for Iran’s foreign policy within the Persian Gulf’s regional security complex. Through a comparative analysis of Iran’s energy diplomacy with Iraq, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia, the study explores the intricate interplay between natural gas strategy and foreign policy, emphasizing the importance of energy security in decision-making. It highlights the strategic imperative of bilateral gas diplomacy for regional gas supply security, resource monetization, and economic diversification. The research evaluates the role of gas pipelines as instruments in Iran’s policymaking vis-à-vis the Persian Gulf, examining the balance between alignment and differentiation in strategies toward neighbouring nations. By drawing upon Neoclassical Realism, the study elucidates the influence of systemic and domestic factors on Iran's foreign policy within the regional context, contributing to a deeper understanding of regional governance systems and strategic capabilities. Overall, this research offers insights into Iran’s gas strategy toward neighbouring countries, contributing to geopolitical discourse and policy analysis in the region.