Pathways to Lower Carbon Emissions — Technological Innovations-Review

Global climate change, driven primarily by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities, poses a significant threat to environmental stability and socio-economic systems. Carbon dioxide (CO₂), constituting over 75% of GHG emissions, is the primary focus of mitigation efforts. This review synthesizes recent advancements and trends in technologies, policies, and social practices aimed at reducing carbon emissions. Technological measures include renewable energy deployment, carbon capture, energy efficiency improvements, and sustainable transportation systems. Policy frameworks at national and international levels—such as carbon pricing, emissions trading systems, and net-zero targets—are evaluated for their effectiveness. Additionally, behavioral interventions, including consumption patterns, urban planning, and public awareness campaigns, are discussed as critical enablers of low-carbon transitions. The paper emphasizes an integrated, multi-sectoral approach, supported by robust data monitoring and international collaboration, to achieve long-term emission reductions. Future research directions are proposed to bridge current gaps in implementation and scalability.