Effects of Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy on Systemic Sclerosis: A Review Study

Background: Systemic sclerosis (SSC) is an uncommon chronic autoimmune disorder that can involve several organs. The manifestations of SSC occur due to fibrosis in the tissue. Patients with SCC experience stiffness in skin, muscles, and calciumic mass that are known as calcinosis cutis. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is a safe rehabilitation method that is used in different disorders. The use of ESWT in SSC has not been well-assessed. In this study, we aimed to review the effects of ESWT on systemic sclerosis. Materials and Methods: We reviewed studies that were published from 2010 to 2023. Five studies were found that evaluated the effects of ESWT on SSC. Fifty-nine patients were assessed in these studies. Results: The results of studies demonstrated that ESWT reduced pain and skin stiffness. It has remarkable effects on endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial cells, endothelial growth factor, and von Willebrand factor. No side effects were reported in the studies. Conclusion: This article aims to review the evidence regarding virus-induced anemia, detailing mechanisms such as erythroid progenitor cytotoxicity, chronic inflammation, and treatment-related haemolysis. Diagnostic strategies, ranging from serological assays to pathognomonic bone marrow findings, are discussed to assist laboratory science professionals and clinical specialists in diagnosing, treating, and managing patients with anemia.