Proximity healthcare in Denmark: Evolving policy definitions and reform ambitions

Abstract Background Across Europe, healthcare systems face rising demand, workforce shortages, and fragmentation. In Denmark ‘proximity healthcare’ (Det nære sundhedsvæsen) has emerged as a political solution to these pressures, yet the term remains poorly defined. This study aims to define proximity healthcare and clarify what strategies are used to develop proximity healthcare in Denmark. Methods We conducted a qualitative thematic analysis of 78 national policy documents published between 2012 and 2024 issued by core national health policy actors. Documents were systematically coded to identify definitions, objectives, proposed organisational structures, and interventions linked to the development of proximity healthcare. Results Proximity healthcare gained prominence over time, especially around elections. Definitions vary: some equate it with primary care actors (e.g. GPs, municipalities), while others focus on care delivered near or in patients’ homes. Three dimensions of proximity were consistently identified: geographical, technological/digital, and patient-related proximity. Proposed interventions include telehealth, home-based treatment, local health centres, and strengthened roles for GPs. However, policy documents rarely detail implementation plans or organisational structures, limiting clarity on how proximity healthcare will be operationalised within the current Danish Health Reform. Conclusions Proximity healthcare functions as a flexible, politically attractive concept that supports patient-centred care and cross-sector collaboration. However, lack of definitional clarity and concrete strategies act as barriers for implementation of proximity healthcare to support sustainable healthcare in Denmark. Key messages • Proximity healthcare is politically central but lacks clear definitions and implementation frameworks. • Denmark’s experience highlights how proximity healthcare can potentially function as a concept to bridge existing sectorial boundaries.