Is living alone related to perceived health status? Findings from data from England and Wales

Abstract Background Poor self-perceived health is known to be strongly associated with higher morbidity and mortality. In previous studies, looking at possible predictors of poor perceived health, it has been found that living alone (LA) is associated with higher probability of reporting poor perceived health. Aim The aim is to explore the association between LA and perceived health in samples utilising Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study (ONS LS), much larger dataset than those used in previous studies. Methods ONS LS is unique study containing individual Census information of 1% of English and Welsh population, and additionally linking other administrative and event data, since 1971. General perceived health was dichotomised to good vs not good (very good/good/fair vs bad/very bad respectively) for better comparability. Results The sample of those taking part in both Censuses 2001 and 2011, consisted of almost 333,000 men and women aged 16+ years (In 2001: mean age 44.0; 47% males; 8.3% reporting poor health; and 12.4% officially living without partner in the household. In 2011: 54.0, 46.8%, 27.4%, and 18.1%, respectively). In crude analyses, those living alone compared to those living with someone were 1.94 (in 2001) and 2.39 (in 2011) times more likely reporting poor health. After accounting for basic demographic and socio-economic characteristics, and health limitations, associations were largely explained but remained significant for 2001 data (OR 1.16). For Census 2011, the association was fully explained in multivariable analysis. Conclusions Our results based on large sample using Census data from England and Wales partially support previous findings and add weight to statements used by policymakers for developing suitable programmes for single-person households. Key messages • Living alone is a determinant of poor perceived health but it seems that it has stronger impact at younger ages. • Policymakers should continue to advocate for programmes enabling accessible social experiences for those living alone.